Histology Flash Cards Prepared by Jen Burke (Fall 06 IRCC)

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

(whole mount tissue layer)

Description:     Single layer of flattened cells

Location:          air sacs of lungs

Function:         Allows passage of materials by diffusion/filtration where protection is not important

Simple Squamous Epithelium

(along Bowman’s capsule)

Description:     Single layer of flattened cells

Location:          air sacs of lungs

Function:         Allows passage of materials by diffusion/filtration where protection is not important

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Description:     Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar (metabolically active), surface cells are flattened (squamous - dying)

Location:          Non-keratinized – lining mouth; Keratinized – epidermis of skin

Function:         Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

Keratinized can also mean “cornified”

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Description:     Single layer of cube-like cells with large spherical central nuclei

Location:          Kidney tubules

Function:         Secretion & absorption

    Simple Columnar Epithelium

Description:     Single layer of tall cells w/round to oval nuclei, some have cilia, may contain goblet cells

Location:          Non-ciliated in digestive tract; ciliated uterine tubes

Function:         Non-ciliated – absorption, secretion; Ciliated – propels reproductive cells

Hint: If you can draw a straight line above nuclei = simple columnar

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Description:     Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei at different levels; may contain goblet cells or bear cilia.

Location:          ciliated – lines trachea

Function:         ciliated – propels mucus by ciliary action

goblet cells = secrete mucus

cilia – tiny hair

Transitional Epithelium

Description:     Resembles both stratified squamous & stratified cuboidal, basal cells are cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous-like

Location:          lines ureters, bladder & part of urethra

Function:         Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

HINT:  Look for the “cookie-cutter” type shape

Areolar Connective Tissue

Description:     gel-like matrix; 3 fiber types – collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, & fibroblast

Location:          packages organs

Function:         wraps and cushions organs

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Description:     primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast

Location:          tendons

Function:         attaches muscles to bones or to muscles

HINT: Note WAVY lines

Major cell type = fibroblasts

Adipose Tissue

Description:     matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes

Location:          under skin

Function:         provides reserve food fuel

HINT: Note adipocytes (white fat areas) pushing nucleus to side

Reticular Connective Tissue

Description:     Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

Location:          lymphoid organs

Function:         fibers form soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types.

Note: Lymphocytes (mass of cells)

Reticular fibers (branch-like material)

Compact Bone (Osseus) Tissue

Description:     Hard, calcified matris containing many collagen fibers

Location:          bones

Function:         bone supports & protects

Note: HAVERSIAN SYSTEM

HAVERSIAN SYSTEM

             1.     Haversian Canal – central canal

             2.     Lamellae: concentric rings of matrix around the central canal.

             3.     Lacunae: (little lakes) Small spaces between the lamellae that contain the osteocytes.

             4.     Osteocyte: A mature bone cell - mature osteoblast.

             5.     Canaliculi: (means = little canals) hair-like canals under the microscope: the black specks are osteocytes living within their lacunae.

             6.     Perforating (Volkmann’s): Passages other than Haversian canals at right angles to the shaft, for the passage of blood vessels through bone.

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Tissue

Description:     composed of small trabeculae (bars) of bone

Location:          towards head of long bone under compact bone

Function:         cushions red marrow

Note: Trabeculae, osteocytes, cancellous cavity, red marrow

Hyaline Cartilage

Description:     Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network

Location:          Forms most of the embryonic skeleton

Function:         Supports and reenforces

Major Cell Type – Chondroblasts/Chondrocytes

Chondrocytes = mature chondroblasts, found in lacunae.

Lacunae (little lakes) singular = lacuna. Small spaces between the lamellae that contain the chondrocytes.

Perichondrium – (peri = around) is a membrane of irregular connective tissue that surround most hyaline cartilage

Blood

Description:     red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Location:          contained within blood vessels

Function:         transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances

Note: Be able to identify red blood cells and white blood cells

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Description:     spindle-shaped (cigar shaped) cells with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged to form sheets - Looks like dense regular connective tissue but there are many more nuclei in smooth muscle tissue. Dense regular connective tissue looks more "wavy".

Location:          walls of hollow organs

Function:         propel substances or objects along internal passageways

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Description:     Long cylindrical, multinucleate cells (muscle fibers); obvious striations

Location:          skeletal muscles attached to bones

Function:         voluntary movement

Note: Striations

Cardiac Muscle

Description:     striated, uninucleate cells with intercalated discs

Location:          walls of heart

Function:         as it contacts, it propels blood into circulation

Note: Look for the intercalated discs on the slides

Nervous Tissue

Description:     neurons are branching cells; cells processes that may be quite long extend from nucleus-containing cell body

Location:          brain, spinal cord, nerves

Function:         transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors & to effectors; control effector activity

Neuron Parts: Axon, dendrite, cell body

Cell types:        Neuroglia, neuron

Which cells produce the various types of connective tissue and what are their mature versions?

                              1.     Fibroblasts/fibrocyte (other connective tissue such as areolar, dense irregular, etc.)

                              2.     Chondroblasts/chondrocytes (cartilage, etc.)

                    3.    Osteoblasts/osteocytes (bone)

Please see Notes for more detailed locations

      1.    

Human Scalp with Hair Shaft

List Parts of Skin Model

Point out locations on skin flash card (FC)

      1.     Epidermis

      2.     Dermis

      3.     Hypodermis

      4.     Sebaceous Gland

      5.     Hair Root

      6.     Eccrine Sweat Glands (labeled sudoriferous gland on FC)

      7.     Apocrine Sweat Glands (large round structure, not labeled on FC)

      8.     Meissner’s corpuscle

      9.     Papillary layer

  10.     Pacinian Corpuscle

  11.     Arrector Pili Muscle

  12.     Adipose Tissue

List the layers of skin (epidermis)

      1.     Stratum Corneum (horny layer)

      2.     Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)

      3.     Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)

      4.     Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer)

      5.     Stratum Basle (basal layer)

Can Lucy Get Some Bagels

Disclaimer:    You must also study lab notes as the flash cards do not contain everything on the practical.

Printing Instructions: Change PAGE size to 4 x 6 with a landscape layout (file, page size)